I. THE AGES BEFORE HISTORY.
1. The Study of History
2. Prehistoric Peoples
3. Domestication of Animals and Plants
4. Writing and the Alphabet
5. Primitive Science and Art
6. Historic Peoples
II. THE LANDS AND PEOPLES OF THE EAST TO ABOUT 500 B.C.
7. Physical Asia
8. Babylonia and Egypt
9. The Babylonians and the Egyptians
10. The Phoenicians and the Hebrews
11. The Assyrians
12. The World Empire of Persia
III. ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION.
13. Social Classes
14. Economic Conditions
15. Commerce and Trade Routes
16. Law and Morality
17. Religion
18. Literature and Art
19. Science and Education
IV. THE LANDS OF THE WEST AND THE RISE OF GREECE TO ABOUT 500 B.C.
20. Physical Europe
21. Greece and the Aegean
22. The Aegean Age (to about 1100 B.C.)
23. The Homeric Age (about 1100-750 B.C.)
24. Early Greek Religion
25. Religious Institutions--Oracles and Games
26. The Greek City-State
27. The Growth of Sparta (to 500 B.C.)
28. The Growth of Athens (to 500 B.C.)
29. Colonial Expansion of Greece (about 750-500 B.C.)
30. Bonds of Union among the Greeks
V. THE GREAT AGE OF THE GREEK REPUBLICS TO 362 B.C.
31. The Perils of Hellas
32. Expeditions of Darius against Greece
33. Xerxes and the Great Persian War
34. Athens under Themistocles, Aristides, and Cimon
35. Athens under Pericles
36. The Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.
37. The Spartan and Theban Supremacies, 404-362 B.C.
38. Decline of the City-State
VI. MINGLING OF EAST AND WEST AFTER 359 B.C.
39. Philip and the Rise of Macedonia
40. Demosthenes and the End of Greek Freedom
41. Alexander the Great
42. Conquest of Persia and the Far East, 334-323 B.C.
43. The Work of Alexander
44. Hellenistic Kingdoms and Cities
45. The Hellenistic Age
46. The Graeco-Oriental World
VII. THE RISE OF ROME TO 264 B.C.
47. Italy and Sicily
48. The Peoples of Italy
49. The Romans
50. Early Roman Society
51. Roman Religion
52. The Roman City State
53. Expansion of Rome over Italy, 509 (?)-264 B.C.
54. Italy under Roman Rule
55. The Roman Army
VIII. THE GREAT AGE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC, 264-31 B.C.
56. The Rivals Rome and Carthage, 264-218 B.C.
57. Hannibal and the Great Punic War, 218-201 B.C.
58. Roman Supremacy in the West and in the East, 201-133 B.C.
59. The Mediterranean World under Roman Rule
60. The Gracchi
61. Marius and Sulla
62. Pompey and Caesar
63. The Work of Caesar
64. Antony and Octavian
65. The End of an Epoch
IX. THE EARLY EMPIRE: THE WORLD UNDER ROMAN RULE, 31 B.C.-l80 A.D.
66. Augustus, 31 B.C.-l4 A.D.
67. The Successors of Augustus, 14-96 A.D.
68. The "Good Emperors," 96-180 A.D.
69. The Provinces of the Roman Empire
70. The Roman Law and the Latin Language
71. The Municipalities of the Roman Empire
72. Economic and Social Conditions in the First and Second Centuries
73. The Graeco-Roman World
X. THE LATER EMPIRE: CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN WORLD, 180-395 A.D.
74. The "Soldier Emperors," 180-284 A.D.
75. The "Absolute Emperors," 284-395 A.D.
76. Economic and Social Conditions in the Third and Fourth Centuries
77. The Preparation for Christianity
78. Rise and Spread of Christianity
79. The Persecutions
80. Triumph of Christianity
81. Christian Influence on Society
XI. THE GERMANS TO 476 A.D.
82. Germany and the Germans
83. Breaking of the Danube Barrier
84. Breaking of the Rhine Barrier
85. Inroads of the Huns
86. End of the Roman Empire in the West, 476 A.D.
87. Germanic Influence on Society
XII. CLASSICAL CIVILIZATION.
88. The Classical City
89. Education and the Condition of Children
90. Marriage and the Position of Women
91. The Home and Private Life
92. Amusements
93. Slavery
94. Greek Literature
95. Greek Philosophy
96. Roman Literature
97. Greek Architecture
98. Greek Sculpture
99. Roman Architecture and Sculpture
100. Artistic Athens
101. Artistic Rome
XIII. WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, 476-962 A.D.
102. The Ostrogoths in Italy, 488-553 A.D.
103. The Lombards in Italy, 568-774 A.D.
104. The Franks under Clovis and His Successors
105. The Franks under Charles Martel and Pepin the Short
106. The Reign of Charlemagne, 768-814 A.D.
107. Charlemagne and the Revival of the Roman Empire, 800 A.D.
108. Disruption of Charlemagne's Empire, 814-870 A.D.
109. Germany under Saxon Kings, 919-973 A.D.
110. Otto the Great and the Restoration of the Roman Empire, 962 A.D.
111. The Anglo-Saxons in Britain, 449-839 A.D.
112. Christianity in the British Isles
113. The Fusion of Germans and Romans
XIV. EASTERN EUROPE DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, 395-1095 A.D.
114. The Roman Empire in the East
115. The Reign of Justinian, 527-565 A.D.
116. The Empire and its Asiatic Foes
117. The Empire and its Foes in Europe
118. Byzantine Civilization
119. Constantinople
XV. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN THE EAST AND IN THE WEST TO 1054 A.D.
120. Development of the Christian Church
121. Eastern Christianity
122. Western Christianity: Rise of the Papacy
123. Growth of the Papacy
124. Monasticism
125. Life and Work of the Monks
126. Spread of Christianity over Europe
127. Separation of Eastern and Western Christianity
128. The Greek Church
129. The Roman Church
XVI. THE ORIENT AGAINST THE OCCIDENT: RISE AND SPREAD OF ISLAM,
622-1058 A.D.
130. Arabia and the Arabs
131. Mohammed: Prophet and Statesman, 622-632 A.D.
132. Islam and the Koran
133. Expansion of Islam in Asia and Egypt
134. Expansion of Islam in North Africa and Spain
135. The Caliphate and its Disruption, 632-1058 A.D.
136. Arabian Civilization
137. The Influence of Islam
XVII. THE NORTHMEN AND THE NORMANS TO 1066 A.D.
138. Scandinavia and the Northmen
139. The Viking Age
140. Scandinavian Heathenism
141. The Northmen in the West
142. The Northmen in the East
143. Normandy and the Normans
144. Conquest of England by the Danes; Alfred the Great
145. Norman Conquest of England; William the Conqueror
146. Results of the Norman Conquest
147. Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily
148. The Normans in European History
XVIII. FEUDALISM
149. Rise of Feudalism
150. Feudalism as a System of Local Government
151. Feudal Justice
152. Feudal Warfare
153. The Castle and Life of the Nobles
154. Knighthood and Chivalry
155. Feudalism as a System of Local Industry
156. The Village and Life of the Peasants
157. Serfdom
158. Decline of Feudalism
XIX THE PAPACY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, 962-1273 A.D.
159. Characteristics of the Medieval Church
160. Church Doctrine and Worship
161. Church Jurisdiction
162. The Secular Clergy
163. The Regular Clergy
164. The Friars
165. Power of the Papacy
166. Popes and Emperors, 962-1122 A.D.
167. Popes and Emperors, 1122-1273 A.D.
168. Significance of the Medieval Church
XX. THE OCCIDENT AGAINST THE ORIENT, THE CRUSADES, 1095-1291 A.D.
169. Causes of the Crusades
170. First Crusade, 1095-1099 A.D.
171. Crusaders' States in Syria
172. Second Crusade, 1147-1149 A.D., and Third Crusade, 1189-1192 A.D.
173. Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople,
1202-1261 A.D.
174. Results of the Crusades
XXI THE MONGOLS AND THE OTTOMAN TURKS TO 1453 A.D.
175. The Mongols
176. Conquests of the Mongols, 1206-1405 A.D.
177. The Mongols in China and India
178. The Mongols in Eastern Europe
179. The Ottoman Turks and their Conquests, 1227-1453 A.D.
180. The Ottoman Turks in Southeastern Europe
XXII. EUROPEAN NATIONS DURING THE LATER MIDDLE AGES
181. Growth of the Nations
182. England under William the Conqueror, 1066-1087 A.D., the Norman
Kingship
183. England under Henry II, 1154-1189 A.D., Royal Justice and the
Common Law
184. The Great Charter, 1215 A.D.
185. Parliament during the Thirteenth Century
186. Expansion of England under Edward I, 1272-1307 A.D.
187. Unification of France, 987-1328 A.D.
188. The Hundred Years' War between England and France, 1337-1453 A.D.
189. The Unification of Spain (to 1492 A.D.)
190. Austria and the Swiss Confederation, 1273-1499 A.D.
191. Expansion of Germany
XXIII. EUROPEAN CITIES DURING THE LATER MIDDLE AGES
192. Growth of the Cities
193. City Life
194. Civic Industry--the Guilds
195. Trade and Commerce
196. Money and Banking
197. Italian Cities
198. German Cities, the Hanseatic League
199. The Cities of Flanders
XXIV. MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATION
200. Formation of National Languages
201. Development of National Literatures
202. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture, the Cathedrals
203. Education, the Universities
204. Scholasticism
205. Science and Magic
206. Popular Superstitions
207. Popular Amusements and Festivals
208. Manners and Customs
XXV. THE RENAISSANCE
209. Meaning of the Renaissance
210. Revival of Learning in Italy
211. Paper and Printing
212. Revival of Art in Italy
213. Revival of Learning and Art beyond Italy
214. The Renaissance in Literature
215. The Renaissance in Education
216. The Scientific Renaissance
217. The Economic Renaissance
XXVI. GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION
218. Medieval Geography
219. Aids to Exploration
220. To the Indies Eastward--Prince Henry and Da Gama
221. The Portuguese Colonial Empire
222. To the Indies Westward: Columbus and Magellan
223. The Indians
224. Spanish Explorations and Conquests in America
225. The Spanish Colonial Empire
226. French and English Explorations in America
227. The Old World and the New
XXVII. THE REFORMATION AND THE RELIGIOUS WARS, 1517-1648 A.D.
228. Decline of the Papacy
229. Heresies and Heretics
230. Martin Luther and the Beginning of the Reformation in Germany,
1517-1522 A.D.
231. Charles V and the Spread of the German Reformation, 1519-1556 A.D.
232. The Reformation in Switzerland: Zwingli and Calvin
233. The English Reformation, 1533-1558 A.D.
234. The Protestant Sects
235. The Catholic Counter Reformation
236. Spain under Philip II, 1556-1598 A.D.
237. Revolt of the Netherlands
238. England under Elizabeth, 1558-1603 A.D.
239. The Huguenot Wars in France
240. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 A.D.
XXVIII. ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND, 1603-1715 A.D.
241. The Divine Right of Kings
242. The Absolutism of Louis XIV, 1661-1715 A.D.
243. France under Louis XIV
244. The Wars of Louis XIV
245. The Absolutism of the Stuarts, 1603-1642 A.D.
246. Oliver Cromwell and the Civil War, 1642-1649 A.D.
247. The Commonwealth and the Protectorate, 1649-1660 A.D.
248. The Restoration and the "Glorious Revolution," 1660-1689 A.D.
249. England in the Seventeenth Century
APPENDIX--Table of Events and Dates
INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Disk of Phaestus.
A Papyrus Manuscript.
A Prehistoric Egyptian Grave.
A Hatchet of the Early Stone Age.
Arrowheads of the Later Stone Age.
Early Roman Bar Money.
Various Signs of Symbolic Picture Writing.
Mexican Rebus.
Chinese Picture Writing and Later Conventional Characters.
Cretan Writing.
Egyptian and Babylonian Writing.
The Moabite Stone (Louvre, Paris).
Head of a Girl (Musee S. Germain, Paris).
Sketch of Mammoth on a Tusk found in a Cave in France.
Bison painted on the Wall of a Cave.
Cave Bear drawn on a Pebble.
Wild Horse on the Wall of a Cave in Spain.
A Dolmen.
Carved Menhir.
Race Portraiture of the Egyptians.
The Great Wall of China.
Philae.
Top of Monument containing the Code of Hammurabi (British Museum,
London).
Khufu (Cheops), Builder of the Great Pyramid.
Menephtah, the supposed Pharaoh of the Exodus.
Head of Mummy of Rameses II (Museum of Gizeh).
The Great Pyramid.
The Great Sphinx.
A Phoenician War Galley.
An Assyrian.
An Assyrian Relief (British Museum, London).
The Ishtar Gate, Babylon.
The Tomb of Cyrus the Great.
Darius with his Attendants.
Rock Sepulchers of the Persian Kings.
A Royal Name in Hieroglyphics (Rosetta Stone).
An Egyptian Court Scene.
Plowing and Sowing in Ancient Egypt.
Transport of an Assyrian Colossus.
Egyptian weighing Cow Gold.
Babylonian Contract Tablet.
An Egyptian Scarab.
Amenhotep IV.
Mummy and Cover of Coffin (U.S. National Museum, Washington).
The Judgment of the Dead.
The Deluge Tablet (British Museum, London).
An Egyptian Temple (Restored).
An Egyptian Wooden Statue (Museum of Gizeh).
An Assyrian Palace (Restored).
An Assyrian Winged Human headed Bull.
An Assyrian Hunting Scene (British Museum, London).
A Babylonian Map of the World.
An Egyptian Scribe (Louvre, Paris).
Excavations at Nippur.
Excavations at Troy.
Lions' Gate, Mycenae.
Silver Fragment from Mycenae (National Museum, Athens).
A Cretan Girl (Museum of Candia, Crete).
Aegean Snake Goddess (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston).
A Cretan Cupbearer (Museum of Candia, Crete).
The Francois Vase (Archaeological Museum, Florence).
Consulting the Oracle at Delphi.
The Discus Thrower (Lancelotti Palace, Rome).
Athlete using the Strigil (Vatican Gallery, Rome).
"Temple of Neptune," Paestum.
Croesus on the Pyre.
Persian Archers (Louvre, Paris).
Gravestone of Aristion (National Museum, Athens).
Greek Soldiers in Arms.
The Mound at Marathon.
A Themistocles Ostrakon (British Museum, London).
An Athenian Trireme (Reconstruction).
"Theseum".
Pericles (British Museum, London).
An Athenian Inscription.
The "Mourning Athena" (Acropolis Museum, Athens).
A Silver Coin of Syracuse.
Philip II.
Demosthenes (Vatican Museum, Rome).
Alexander (Glyptothek, Munich).
The Alexander Mosaic (Naples Museum).
A Greek Cameo (Museum, Vienna).
The Dying Gaul (Capitoline Museum, Rome).
A Graeco-Etruscan Chariot (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York).
An Etruscan Arch.
Characters of the Etruscan Alphabet.
An Early Roman Coin.
A Roman Farmer's Calendar.
Cinerary Urns in Terra Cotta (Vatican Museum, Rome).
A Vestal Virgin.
Suovetaurilia (Louvre, Paris).
An Etruscan Augur.
Coop with Sacred Chickens.
Curule Chair and Fasces.
The Appian Way.
A Roman Legionary.
A Roman Standard Bearer (Bonn Museum).
Column of Duilius (Restored).
A Carthaginian or Roman Helmet (British Museum, London).
A Testudo.
Storming a City (Reconstruction).
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Spada Palace, Rome).
Marcus Tullius Cicero (Vatican Museum, Rome).
Gaius Julius Caesar (British Museum, London).
A Roman Coin with the Head of Julius Caesar.
Augustus (Vatican Museum, Rome).
Monumentum Ancyranum.
Pompeii.
Nerva (Vatican Museum, Rome).
Column of Trajan.
The Pantheon.
The Tomb of Hadrian.
Marcus Aurelius in his Triumphal Car (Palace of the Conservatori, Rome).
Wall of Hadrian in Britain.
Roman Baths, at Bath, England.
A Roman Freight Ship.
A Roman Villa.
A Roman Temple.
The Amphitheater at Arles.
A Megalith at Baalbec
The Wall of Rome
A Mithraic Monument
Modern Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives
Madonna and Child
Christ the Good Shepherd (Imperial Museum, Constantinople)
Interior of the Catacombs
The Labarum
Arch of Constantine
