That's a tall order because there is lots to understand, but I'll try and also to make it as simple as I can. You can get the more difficult technical stuff later.
OK, Tires: A 215/50-17" means 215= 215mm (8.465") tread width. The 50 is a percentage and relates to the sidewall height. So 50% of 215mm= 107.5mm (4.23") of sidewall height. 17" of course is the wheel diameter. So to get a rough idea of the overall diameter of the tire, you would add 17" to 4.23 x 2, which in this case = 25.46". But that would only get you there roughly. Every tire and manufacturer are slightly different. Those are the "basics" of reading a tire.
One other thing: When the sidewall of a tire says 50psi MAX, that does NOT mean you should run the tire @ 50psi, but that exceeding that spec could cause the tire to blow out or separate under load conditions... and we wouldn't want that. Check your owners manual and door sticker for proper inflation for any given vehicle.
Wheels: Here's where it may get confusing to the novice, so hang on.
Everyone knows that a 17" wheel means that the diameter (and tire you should chose to put on it) is 17". And most people know that a 17 x 7 wheel means that it's a 17" diameter, 7" width. But here's where it can get tricky.
There are two schools of thought about spacing, offset and back spacing. Spacing is either the distance from the center of the wheel (7"/2= 3.5", or in the case of the OE's, 6.5"/2=3.25" Center) to the mounting flange (offset,) In our case, the offset of 52.5mm forward (outside) of center.
The other method is called backspacing, or measuring the distance from the back of the wheel to the mounting flange. But this changes with wheel width and is less accurate for that reason.
Our cars, as with most FWD cars, have a positive (+) offset. This means there is more wheel behind the mounting flange than in front of it.
What are often called deep dish or deep offset wheels, such as you see on drag cars or muscle cars or RWD/4WD cars in general are negative (-) offset wheels. This of course means the opposite of a positive offset, or that there is more wheel sticking out past the mounting flange
Backspacing is only useful if clearance between the wheel and suspension is already limited and you are going wider... usually MUCH wider. Example: With the OE 6.5" wheels, +52.5mm offset you might only have another 1" before rubbing the suspension occurs. But you want to install 10" wide wheels, though that's a lot of wheel!! Because you know they will rub, you have to consider the factory offset is null and void, but useful as a reference for determining the new offset. 10" - 6.5"= 3.5"/2 = 1.75" -1" (original clearance to the suspension) = 0.75". That's the clearance you would need, so you would subtract the difference of 0.75", or 33.86mm from the 52.5mm you already have to determine what offset you would need to work. Your new offset would be 52.5mm - 34mm = 18.5mm, and that would give you the clearance you need, but that much difference would cause all sorts of other problems too.
This is JUST an example. Please do not try putting 10" wide wheels on your car.
WHEW!!! that's enough for now. Let me know if this makes any sense to you and if you have any other questions.